While the politics of race largely shaped the origin of environmental justice in the USA, the concept of environmental justice has since evolved to encompass a broader range of issues. Contemporary understanding of environmental justice extended beyond racial inequalities to include issues such as equitable access to essential services. Of relevance to this study is the recognition that environmental justice also entails addressing disparities in access to essential services such as water, waste management, clean air, which are particularly pressing within the context of South African cities.

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